Football society players over the age of 55: how stressful can a match be?

This study aimed atassessingthe physical activitylevel, heart rate and the salivary cortisol level of football society players.The sample consisted of 19 male mastersfootballplayerswith an average age of 56.7±3.9 years. The long form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)andPolar®heart rate monitors were usedas instruments, in additionto Salivette® tubes to measure salivary cortisol. Data analysis was performed by using the repeated measuresAnalysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni post hoctest,and Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient. The results showed that the salivary cortisol concentration indicated an index of 1.97 ng/ml at the beginning of the match;40 minutes after that thesevalues increased to 8.00 ng/ml,and 60 minutesafter the match had started they reached 8.40 ng/ml. Considering the post-match moment, a moderate and positive correlation between the salivary cortisol concentration and heart rate (averageand maximum) wasseen. In conclusion,the physical effort expended during football Society practice needs to be monitored due to the high heart rate and high increase in the salivary cortisol concentrationofthis age group.

Preparación de los colegios y profesores de educación física en prevención de muerte súbita y soporte vital básico / Competence of schools and physical education teachers for sudden death prevention and basic life support

OBJETIVO: Conocer el nivel de preparación de colegios y profesores de educación física en prevención de muerte súbita (MS) y soporte vital básico, incluyendo disponibilidad y uso del desfibrilador externo automático (DEA). MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, en profesores de educación física de establecimientos educacionales de distintos tipos de sostenedores (municipales, subvencionados y particulares) de Santiago, Chile, a través de un cuestionario online. Se analizaron datos demográficos del profesor, antecedentes de preparación y disposición de reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP), presencia y uso de DEA y preparación del establecimiento ante un caso de MS. RESULTADOS: De 97 profesores encuestados, 71,1% no se siente capacitado para realizar RCP a pesar que un 70% del total ha realizado un curso. La disposición para realizar reanimación en aquellos que han realizado un curso, es 99%, comparado con 83% en quienes no lo han realizado (p=0,003). Existe una marcada diferencia en disponibilidad de DEA según tipo de sostenedor (52,4% en particulares, 29,6% en municipales y 15% en subvencionados, p=0,001), pero transversalmente no saben cómo utilizarlo (42,9 %, 40,7% y 25%, p=0,43). La mayoría de los colegios no cuenta con un plan de acción ante MS. CONCLUSIONES: Los colegios y profesores de educación física tienen una preparación insuficiente y desactualizada en prevención de muerte súbita y soporte vital básico, con una distribución heterogénea de DEA en establecimiento según tipo de sostenedor.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the competence of schools and physical education teachers in the prevention of sudden death (SD) and basic life support meassures, including availability and use of the automatic external defibrillator (AED). METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study included physical education teachers from different Schools (public, subsidized and private) in Santiago, Chile. An online questionnaire was applied including demographic data of the teacher, comentence and willingness to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), presence and use of AED and school preparation in case of a SD. RESULTS: From a total of 97 teachers surveyed do not feel capable of performing CPR, in spite of the fact that 70% of them completed a CPR course. Among those who took a course, their willingness to perform resuscitation was 99%, compared to 83% en those not having taken the course (p = 0.003). There was a marked difference in DEA availability according to class of school (private 52,4%, public 29,6 subsidized 15%, p=0,001), but the knowledge on how to use de DEA was uniformly insufficient (42,9 %, 40,7% and 25%, p=0,43) Most schools do not have a protocol to face SD. CONCLUSIONS: We observed that schools and physical education teachers have an insufficient and outdated preparation in sudden death prevention and basic life support. The availability of AED differed according to the class of establishment.

Taquicardia ventricular polimórfica catecolaminérgica com necessidade de implante de cardiodesfibrilador implantável (CDI): Um relato de caso / Ventricular Catecolaminergic Polymorphic Tachycardia (VCPT) with ICD implantation requirement: A case report

Relato de caso de uma paciente do sexo feminino, com 16 anos de idade à ocasião de sua admissão no Instituto de Cardiologia. A mesma foi encaminhada por serviço de saúde externo devido a síncopes durante atividade física e foi submetida à investigação, com diagnóstico final de taquicardia ventricular catecolaminérgica. Após a definição diagnóstica, foi realizado tratamento medicamentoso com betabloqueador, sendo necessário o implante de marcapasso definitivo por conta da incompetência cronotrópica secundária ao tratamento farmacológico instituído. Posteriormente, por persistência das arritmias ventriculares mesmo com o uso de terapia otimizada, optou-se por realizar um implante de CDI

Case report of a 16-year-old female patient at the time of her admission to the Institute of Cardiology. She was referred by an external healthcare service due to syncope during physical activity and was submitted to the investigation with a final diagnosis of catecholaminergic ventricular tachycardia. Once the diagnosis was established, the patient was administered a beta-blocker and definitive pacemaker implant was required due to chronotropic incompetence secondary to drug therapy. Subsequently, due to the persistence of ventricular arrhythmias despite the use of optimized therapy, we decided to implant an ICD

Knock on the right door. How we are treating the patient with acute myocardial infarction / Bata na porta certa. Como estamos tratando o paciente com infarto agudo do miocárdio

Background: To reduce mortality of acute myocardial infarction, medical care must be provided within the first hours of the event. Objective: To identify the "front door" to medical care of acute coronary patients and the time elapsed between patients'admission and performance of myocardial reperfusion in the public health system of the city of Joinville, Brazil. Methods: The study was a retrospective analysis of the medical records of 112 consecutive patients diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction by coronary angiography. We identified the place of the first medical contact and calculated the time between admission to this place and admission to the referral hospital, as well as the time until coronary angiography, with or without percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. A descriptive analysis of data was made using mean and standard deviation, and a p < 0.05 was set as statistically significant. Results: Only 16 (14.3%) patients were admitted through the cardiology referral unit. Door-to-angiography time was shorter than 90 minutes in 50 (44.2%) patients and longer than 270 minutes in 39 (34.5%) patients. No statistically significant difference was observed in door-to-angiography time between patients transported directly to the referral hospital and those transferred from other health units (p < 0.240). Considering the time between pain onset and angiography, only 3 (2.9%) patients may have benefited from myocardial reperfusion performed within less than 240 minutes. Conclusion: Management of patients with acute myocardial infarction is not in conformity with current guidelines for the treatment of this condition. The structure of the healthcare system should be urgently modified so that users in need of emergency services receive adequate care in accordance with local conditions

Muerte súbita en epilepsia / Sudden death in epilepsy

The risk of sudden unexpected death in patients with epilepsy (SUDEP), is 20 to 25 times greater than in the general population. This increased risk is seen specially in refractory epilepsy, with an incidence of 9:1,000 patients-years. Risk factors have been established based on retrospective studies, finding that the frequency of seizures, specially generalized tonic clonic seizures, is the most important one. The physiopathological mechanism of SUDEP is not yet fully understood. Autonomic system abnormalities, as well as cardiac and respiratory changes have been found. The finding of new molecular biomarkers to identify patients with increased risk should be a priority. Treatment is based in the management of risk factors, although clear recommendations are hard to establish given the low level of evidence.

Cardiodesfibrilador implantável na prevenção de morte súbita em paciente com distrofia muscular tipo 1 (doença de Steinert) / Implantable cardiac defibrillator for sudden death prevention in myotonic dystrophy type 1 (Steinert disease)

A distrofia muscular tipo 1 é uma miopatia hereditária genética com alto risco de morte súbita. Como a morte súbita é um evento comum, existe o desafio de identificar o paciente de maior risco para considerar a colocação de um cardiodesfibrilador implantável. O presente estudo relata o caso de um paciente com distrofia muscular tipo 1 com marcadores de alto risco para morte súbita, no qual foi implantado um cardiodesfibrilador implantável com sucesso. A correta estratificação para morte súbita é um importante passo na indicação do cardiodesfibrilador implantável

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 is a genetic and hereditary myopathy associated to a high risk of sudden death. As sudden death is a relatively common event, it is a challenge to identify those patients with highest risk to consider the use of an implantable cardiac defibrillator. The present case report describes a myotonic dystrophy type 1 patient with risk factors for sudden death in whom an implantable cardiac defibrillator was successfully implanted. The correct risk stratification for sudden death is an important step for the indication of an implantable cardiac defibrillator

Ablação com mapeamento eletroanatômico de taquicardia ventricular recorrente refratária a terapia medicamentosa na cardiomiopatia dilatada isquêmica em portador de cardiodesfibrilador multissítio / Ablation with electroanatomic mapping of refractory recurrent ventricular tachycardia to drug therapy in ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy in patients carrying a multisite cardiac defibrillator

As arritmias ventriculares em portadores de cardiomiopatia isquêmica estão diretamente relacionadas ao aumento da morbimortalidade, sendo sua recorrência associada a pior prognóstico. A despeito da otimização do tratamento medicamentoso, muitos são os pacientes refratários, e, nesse contexto, a ablação por adiofrequência torna-se uma importante alternativa terapêutica diante da refratariedade ao tratamento convencional. O mapeamento eletroanatômico permite visualização das áreas de fibrose e dos istmos de condução, aumentando as taxas de sucesso desse procedimento

Ventricular arrhythmias in ischemic cardiomyopathy patients are directly related to increased morbidity and mortality, and recurrence is associated to a worse prognosis. Despite the optimization of drug therapy, many patients are refractory to conventional therapy and in this context, radiofrequency ablation becomes an important therapeutic alternative. Electroanatomic mapping allows the visualization of fibrosis and isthmus conduction areas, increasing the success rates of this procedure

Perfil dos pacientes chagásicos portadores de cardioversor-desfibrilador implantável (CDI) / Profile of chagasic patients with implantable cardioverter cefibrillators (ICD)

Fundamentos: A morte súbita é responsável por 55-65% dos óbitos na doença de Chagas, e o cardioversor desfibrilador implantável (CDI) é a terapêutica mais efetiva para evitar morte súbita em pacientes com taquiarritmias ventriculares. Objetivo: Descrever o perfil clínico dos pacientes portadores de cardiopatia chagásica crônica com CDI internados em hospital de referência.Métodos: Foram avaliados 75 pacientes chagásicos, portadores de CDI, internados na Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Goiânia no período de janeiro de 2011 a dezembro de 2013, mediante revisão de prontuários. Resultados: A amostra (n=75) se constituiu de 57 (76,0%) pacientes do sexo masculino e 18 (24,0%) do sexo feminino. As internações clínicas representaram 60,0% da amostra e as de causas cirúrgicas 40,0%. Das causas clínicas, 40 (89,0%) foram de origem cardíaca: insuficiência cardíaca (IC) com 13 (32,0%) pacientes e a tempestade elétrica (TE) com 12 (30,0%) pacientes. Das 30 causas cirúrgicas, 17 (56,66%) se deveram a desgaste da bateria.Conclusão: O perfil clínico encontrado em pacientes portadores de cardiopatia chagásica crônica com CDI apresenta as seguintes características: sexo masculino, faixa etária entre 51-60 anos, presença de dispositivos de dupla-câmara, uso adequado de antiarrítmico e beta bloqueador, presença de hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS), fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) entre 35-45%, internações clínicas por causas cardíacas (em especial IC e TE), e número de internações pós-implante entre zero e três.

Background: Sudden death accounts for 55-65% of the deaths from Chagas disease, and the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is the most effective therapy to prevent sudden death in patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Objective: To describe the clinical profile of patients with chronic Chagas disease with ICD admitted to a referral hospital. Methods: 75 chagasic patients with ICD, admitted to Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Goiânia, from January 2011 to December 2013, were evaluated by means of medical record review.Results: The sample (n=75) was composed of 57 (76.0%) male patients and 18 (24.0%) female patients. Clinical admissions accounted for 60.0% of the sample, while surgical ones accounted for 40.0%. Out of all clinical admissions, 40 (89.0%) were due to heart problems: heart failure (HF), with 13 (32.0%) patients, and electrical storm (ES), with 12 (30.0%) patients. Out of the 30 surgical admissions, 17 (56.66%) were due to battery depletion.Conclusion: The clinical profile of patients with chronic Chagas disease with CDI is characterized as follows: male, aged 51-60, presence of dual-chamber devices, appropriate use of antiarrhythmic drugs and beta-blockers, presence of systemic hypertension (SH),left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 35-45%, clinical admissions due to heart problems (particularly HF and ES), and zero to three post-implantation admissions.

Marcapasso cardíaco como alternativa ao cardiodesfibrilador implantável na prevenção secundária de morte súbita em casos selecionados / Cardiac pacemaker as an alternative to implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in secondary prevention of sudden death in selected cases

Relata-se o caso de uma paciente de 71 anos de idade, internada em decorrência de síndrome convulsiva de repetição. O monitoramento eletrocardiográfico contínuo permitiu documentar fibrilação ventricular com reversão espontânea, precedida por bradicardia sinusal grave e prolongamento acentuado do intervalo QT. Após investigação clínica detalhada, a paciente foi submetida a implante de marcapasso atrioventricular programadono modo AAI-DDD com 70 bpm. No seguimento de 30 meses, evoluiu sem sintomas cardiovasculares, comnormalização do intervalo QT e sem registros de taquicardia ventricular não sustentada. O marcapasso apresentou-se como alternativa bem-sucedida neste caso, evitando-se, assim, o implante de cardiodesfibrilador automático...

We present the case of a 71-year-old patient who was hospitalized for repetition convulsion syndrome.Continuous electrocardiographic monitoring enabled the documentation of ventricular fibrillation withspontaneous reversion, preceded by severe sinus bradycardia and marked prolongation of the QT interval. Afterdetailed clinical investigation, the patient was submitted to the implantation of atrioventricular pacemaker in theAAI-DDD 70 bpm mode. In the 30-month follow-up, the patient evolved without cardiovascular symptoms,normalization of the QT interval with no records of unsustained ventricular tachycardia. The pacemaker was asuccessful alternative in this case, avoiding the implantation of automatic defibrillator...

Tabaco y riesgo cardiovascular / Tobacco and cardiovascular risk

Un billón de personas fuma 6 trillones de cigarrillos a nivel mundial, lo que está produciendo unaepidemia de morbi-mortalidad a consecuencia de las enfermedades secundarias al consumo de tabaco. Lasenfermedades no-transmisibles, entre ellas las cardiovasculares, constituyen la causa principal de mortalidady fumar es uno de los principales factores prevenibles de riesgo. Está plenamente demostrado queenfermedad de las arterias coronarias, infarto del miocardio, aneurisma de la aorta abdominal, enfermedadvascular periférica, Evento Vascular Cerebral (isquémico y hemorrágico) y muerte súbita están asociados atabaquismo y este riesgo se correlaciona con el número de cigarrillos fumados al día. Dejar de fumar impactaen reducir la prevalencia de todas las enfermedades que produce el tabaco, disminuye la mortalidadsecundaria y mejora la calidad de vida. Es necesario implementar medidas para disminuir la epidemiaproducida por el tabaquismo y el gremio médico debe asumir protagonismo en proponer legislación parareducir la demanda y la oferta de tabaco.

One billion people smoke 6 trillion cigarettes worldwide, which is causing an epidemic of morbiditymortalitydue to the secondary illnesses caused by tobacco consumption. Non-communicablediseases, including cardiovascular disease, are the leading cause of mortality and smoking is oneof the major preventable risk factors. It has been clearly established that coronary artery disease,myocardial infarction, abdominal aortic aneurysm, peripheral vascular disease, stroke (ischemicand hemorrhagic) and sudden death are associated with smoking and this risk is correlated to thenumber of cigarettes smoked per day. Quitting smoking impacts the prevalence of all tobaccoinduced diseases, decreases secondary mortality and improves the quality of life. It is necessaryto implement measures to reduce the epidemic caused by smoking and the medical professionshould take a leading role in promoting legislation to reduce the supply and demand of tobacco.

Avaliação pré-participação esportiva: análise à luz das diretrizes / Before ass ess ment sp orts participation: critical analysis in the light of the guidelines

O objetivo principal da avaliação pré-participação em atividades esportivas (APP) é o de identificar doenças cardiovasculares que sejam compatíveis com a prática de esportes competitivos, tanto por profissionais como amadores, minimizando, assim, a progressão de anormalidades cardiovasculares e a ocorrência de morte súbita relacionada ao exercício. A maioria das sociedades de Cardiologia e Medicina do Esporte são concordantes em recomendar a APP para todos os atletas profissionais, apesar das divergências sobre o tema persistirem entre os maiores grupos de especialistas no assunto. Esse artigo se propõe avaliar a viabilidade da realização da APP no contexto brasileiro, embasada nas evidências científicas disponíveis atualmente e considerando a logística necessária para sua implementação.

The main objective of the sports pre-participation evaluation (PPE) is to identify cardiovascular diseases that are inconsistente with the practice of competitive sports, both professionally and non-professionally, aiming at preventing the progress of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and sudden death (SD). Most cardiology and sports medicine societes agree in recommending the PPE for all professional athletes, although there are disagreements among the biggest groups of experts in this matter. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the feasibility of the PPE in the Brazilian context, establishing a connection with the current scientific evidence that supports this practice.

Transmissão hereditária da morte súbita cardíaca nas canalopatias / Hereditary transmission of sudden cardiac death in channelopathies

O caso clínico sugere uma forma rara de canalopatia mista, cujo sintoma clínico e eletrocardiográfico indicava taquicardia ventricular polimórfica catecolaminérgica (TVPC). Porém, ao realizar o teste ergométrico, no pós-esforço, quando há predomínio do sistema nervoso parassimpático, nota-se a indução de eletrocardiograma (ECG) compatível com Brugada do tipo I. Outro aspecto importante foi a transmissão hereditária observada neste caso, em que os avós do paciente eram primos de primeiro grau e houve seis casos de morte súbita cardíaca (MSC) nas gerações subsequentes, com irmão que teve MSC aos 5 anos durante uma crise de choro, mostrando um importante fator genético e familiar relacionado às canalopatias.

The clinical case suggests a rare form of mixed channelopathy, whose clinical and electrocardiographic symptom suggested catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT). However, when the exercise test was performed, during post-exercise, where there is a predominance of the parasympathetic nervous system, there was an electrocardiogram (ECG) induction compatible with Brugada type I. Another important aspect was the hereditary transmission observed in this patient, whose grandfathers were first cousins, and 6 cases of sudden cardiac death (SCD) were observed in subsequent generations and one brother had SCD at 5 years of age during a crying episode, showing an important genetic and familial factor related to channelopathies.

Morte súbita no Brasil: soluções a vista? / Sudden death in Brazil: solutions at sight?

A morte súbita cardíaca (MSC) é um grave problema mundial, no entanto, não apenas no Brasil, mas em todo o mundo, estamos distantes de uma solução definitiva. Sua importância é determinada pelo impacto epidemiológico, potencial de ocorrência em população economicamente ativa e possibilidade de utilização de diferentes estratégias preventivas visando redução de sua incidência. Os caminhos para que o Sistema de Saúde Pública brasileiro solucione os problemas da MSC exigem: A - medidas assistenciais e educacionais, B - medidas burocráticas e de apoio à pesquisa. estratégias focando controle de fatores de risco, melhora da assistência aos cardiopatas, treinamento de profissionais da saúde e conscientização da população são necessárias para sua prevenção. A praticipação do Ministério da Sáude e das principais sociedades médicas brasileiras é essencial nestas intervenções. No Brasil, a melhora da gestão das ações e dos recursos financeiros, bem como a reestruturação de processos logísticos e recursos humanos para a melhora da assistência básica à saúde e de suporte à pesquisa devem ser aplicadas. Descrevemos, neste texto, as diferentes possibilidades de atuação na busca de soluções eficientes e factíveis para redução de sua incidência.

The sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a serious public health problem worldwide, however, not only in Brazil but worldwide we are far from a definitive solution. Its importance is determined by epidemiological impact, potential for occurence in the economically active population and the possibility of different preventive strategies. The paths to the Brazilian Public Health System to solve the MSC problem: A - care and educational measures, B - bureaucratic measures and research support. Strategies focusing on control of risk factors, improvement of assistance for heart disease patients, training of health professionals and public awareness are necessary for its prevention. The participation of the Ministry of Health and Brazilian medical societies is essential in these interventions. In Brazil, the improvement of management actions and financial resources, as well as the restructuring of logistics processes and human resources for improving basic health care and support for research should be applied. We describe in this paper the different possibilities to find feasible and efficient solutions to reduce its incidence.

The promise of omega-3 against sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: until further notice, it remains innocent, until proven guilty / Promessa do ômega-3 contra a morte súbita em epilepsia: até segunda ordem, continua inocente, até que se prove o contrário

The present paper highlighted the importance of the recommended levels of fish consumption or omega-3 supplementation in order to minimize the frequency of seizures in people with uncontrolled epilepsy and, especially, to reduce the occurrence of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP).

O presente trabalho destacou a importância dos níveis recomendados de consumo de peixe ou suplementação de ômega-3 com o intuito de minimizar a frequência de crises epilépticas em pessoas com epilepsia refratária e, especialmente, de reduzir a ocorrência de morte súbita inesperada em epilepsia (SUDEP).